For most of the 20th century, theater practitioners and theorists felt pressured by the growing popularity of film among the general public. Early in the 20th century, theater directors and playwrights integrated film and visual images in theater. Meanwhile, film had a profound effect on 20th-century theater. Less often, films have been adapted to create pieces of theater. From early modern drama to the musical theater of the 20th century, stage plays have frequently been realized on film. Many film stars, as early as Buster Keaton and as contemporary as Jackie Chan, were trained in popular theater forms and traditions and have incorporated such techniques into their screen performance.
Griffith was a stage actor and playwright before he became a movie director, and Sergei Eisenstein directed plays and designed scenery before he started making films. Directors, writers, actors, and personnel working across these two media demonstrate that much interconnection of stage and screen exists. Since the early years of cinema, collaborations between filmmakers and theater personnel show not only how two art forms have influenced each other, but also that the flows between theater and film are bidirectional. Nineteenth-century theatrical genres such as melodrama and vaudeville had an impact on many popular American film genres, for example. Indeed, theatrical genres and aesthetics have had a significant influence on film. Historically, theater and film have been closely intertwined in many respects.
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